FEDERAL STEAM NAVIGATION CO. LTD.

The red is described as deep red. LJC 1909 depicts the funnel panel as a band between top and base; Cambridge’s black-and-white photograph confirms the funnel. Book of Flags adds a black line below the panel, while Westmoreland appears to carry it at the top of a darker broad band. Reed also assigns the livery to Birt, Trinder & Bethell without explaining a connection. The flag originated with Wigram & Green in 1824 and passed through Money Wigram & Sons to Federal, dated by Merchant Ships to 1896. A museum flag is dated about 1955–67 and measures 1,143 by 1,752.6 mm. Five First World War prizes managed by New Zealand Shipping used plain black funnels. In 1966 Federal’s funnel was selected as a common design with New Zealand Shipping. P&O integration in 1971 brought replacement of the flag and gradual adoption of P&O funnels.