Recreation and Sport as
an Antidote to Economic Woes
The Great Depression in
Manuscript for paper presented at NASSH,
1995 by Susan Markham, revised 2003
Introduction
A 1994 report by
It was in the 1930's that the use of recreation and sport to
deal with economic difficulties was first promoted. But what were these
recreation and sport programs in the 1930's? And who delivered them? The
programs first focussed on the most visible products of the Depression -
unemployed and homeless men. As the Depression continued and intensified, and
relief programs were not an adequate solution, other legislated programs which
were much broader in scope were established. At all stages of this process,
recreation and sport was considered to be part of the solution to economic
difficulties. For the purposes of this paper, the phrase Arecreation and sport@ is used as a rather broad
term to include a variety of activities, including outdoor recreation, physical
fitness, amateur sports, games, culture, military drill, to name but a few.
Other studies[2]
have noted the severe unemployment and underemployment conditions prevalent
during the decade and have investigated the 1937 Unemployment and Agriculture
Assistance Act and its successors as the federal government's legislative
solutions to unemployment. These studies often focussed on the latter half of
the decade of the 1930's. This paper, however, refocuses investigations on the
early 1930's as the Depression began - a time period that is well before the
legislation which emerged from the National Employment Commission was enacted
in 1937. This legislated solution to unemployment was preceded by several years
of concerns about employment followed by attempted remedies to unemployment by
volunteer organizations operating at both community and national levels.
There were two oft-cited roles of recreation and sport as an
antidote to economic conditions: recreation and sport instead of work;
and recreation and sport as work. Numerous agencies were involved,
including: the Canadian Council on Child and Family Welfare, the Young Men=s Christian Association, the
Recreation and
Sport Instead of Work
The use of recreation and sport as a substitute for work was
evident in many Canadian communities. The most highly publicized efforts were
the activities of the Calgary Leisure Time League and the Montreal Day Shelter
for Unemployed Men. However, evidence found in the correspondence of the
Canadian Council on Child and Family Welfare indicates that programs for the unemployed
and homeless to deal with their Aenforced idleness@[3] were operational in other
Canadian cities, for example,
The Calgary Leisure Time League was developed and
operated by the YMCA in
Use the League as a clearing house for community privileges
and opportunities of both an educational and recreational nature. . . . Help
members look upon membership in the League as a very real privilege, a badge of
merit in that it unites those who desire to maintain their health and welfare,
who wish to increase their social and economic skills, and who wish to train
themselves so that they may be prepared for future opportunities. In short,
unite those who desire to do their best in the face of a very trying situation.[7]
Many
of those statements, including the notion of Aprivilege,@ give the impression of a
paternalistic attitude on the part of the YMCA - letting the men know how they
ought to be behaving - what they should Adesire.@ However, in contrast to those
statements are Calgary YMCA guidelines that show sensitivity not noted in many
services for the unemployed, no matter which decade, and note that the program
administrators should ensure that staff dealing with the unemployed have Aa sympathetic and intelligent
understanding of the psychology of persons out of work.@[8] Interestingly, those two
statements, one about Aprivilege@ and one about Aunderstanding@ appear in the same
document. In addition to various
recreation, sport, education, and entertainment activities, there were also
counselling services and Afacilities for clothes
pressing, shoe shining, sewing, baths, and other services to make it possible
for the young man not living at home to keep up his personal appearance.@[9]
Publicity for the program was handled through the usual
channels including flyers and newspaper articles, as well as the following
announcement which was read from the pulpits of
The Leisure Time League recently started by the Calgary
Y.M.C.A. on behalf of unemployed youth between 16 and 30 is open to except [sic]
registrations. Any young man interested in utilizing their long periods of
enforced leisure, in all kinds of recreational or educational activities are
invited to register their names at the Central Y.M.C.A. immediately. This
service is provided for unemployed young men absolutely without cost to them.
Any members of this congregation may invite young men to join the League.[10]
A
note on one memo about this in the national office files indicates that Athis was a most effective
method of publicity and most ministers added personal comments. In some cases a
league officer also made announcements.@[11] The YMCA was certainly
providing services that would be a substitute for work, however, it was doing
this for a select clientele and it was holding out work to be an activity that
the young men were expected to seek. If work was not available, the men were to
be increasing their skills and to be training for the future.
The
Montreal Day Shelter for Unemployed Men was operated by a committee of
the Montreal Council of Social Agencies with staff assistance from the
Inherent in the philosophy of the operation of the shelter
was the social control motive as noted in the 1932-33 report that the shelter Aprovides a place where several
thousand men, who would otherwise be wandering the streets and almost certainly
getting into mischief, can throughout the winter season find a warm place in
which to spend the day and where they will find opportunities for both
recreation and education.@[13] Throughout much of the
literature about recreation opportunities during this period, the notion of
keeping the men out of mischief, although in different guises, was repeatedly
noted - to the point where the one American publication noted that:
While there is a question as to the
wisdom of encouraging the unemployed to congregate while waiting for work, . .
. it is obviously desirable to have some provision made to occupy their
involuntary leisure, and not to leave them entirely to their own thoughts or to
destructive discussion among themselves.[14]
Authors
of these sentiments apparently feared that these thoughts and discussions might
lead the men to political action against the government - as it did in Canada
in 1935 when the AOn to Ottawa@ trek began in Vancouver on
June 3rd and ended with the Regina Riot on July 1st.[15]
Whereas the Calgary Leisure Time League operated as an
organization to facilitate opportunities and to match men with opportunities,
the Montreal Day Shelter, occupied an accessible physical location and conveyed
a prominent physical presence as part of its service to about 10,000 men.
Operating out of an old school building (the
Here is a group from 6,000 to 7,000 men of the lowest type
in our social order, hundreds of them of low intelligence, easy to incite under
the wrong kind of leadership. Instead of walking the streets, as they had to do
last year in
In
this connection, it is interesting to note that when a communistic
demonstration was scheduled to take place in
It
was very important to the managers, the decision makers, and the politicians of
the day that the unemployed be controlled and not engage in political action -
and communism was especially feared. Betcherman described the sentiments of the
time regarding the organizing efforts of the Communist Party of Canada :
Prime Minister Bennett was deeply troubled by these
developments - the Reds were nothing less than a threat to country, church, and
family - and vowed to crush the party and its nefarious disciples with Aan iron heel of ruthlessness.@ In stamping out this scourge,
however Canadian authorities, including the prime minister, tended to see any
form of public dissent or protest by the unemployed as the work of Communist
agitators. They were also afraid that disillusioned veterans and impressionable
youth, many of whom made up the ranks of the single jobless, might fall into
the clutches of the Communists.[18]
Relying on civic grants and donations of books, magazines,
papers, games, puzzles, cards and records, the shelter provided a wide variety
of passive recreation activities. The facility also provided spaces for sports
and for a theatre where performances created by the men and by outside groups
were put on.[19]
In keeping with a philosophy which included both recreation and education, the
shelter also provided educational classes - reportedly with limited success.
The 1932-33 report notes with a lament that:
The Committee from the opening of the Day
Shelter has been desirous of securing the largest attendance possible at the Educational
classes. The attention of the men was repeatedly directed to the fact that such
classes were provided and they were urged to avail themselves of the
opportunities offered to employ their enforced leisure in securing knowledge
which would be of value to them.
Only a very small proportion of them
however could be induced to avail themselves of these educational
opportunities. Most of them were incapable or undesirous of putting forth the
mental effort needed to follow even a simple course of study; nevertheless the
men who entered the educational classes worked diligently and made substantial
progress....The daily average was 84.7 men.[20]
The
shelter also operated a boot repairing department, a clothes mending department
and a first aid department. Thus, although the shelter did provide a place for
recreation instead of work, there was ample attention given to the more basic
needs of the unemployed men, and the underlying emphasis on getting men ready
to return to work - and most certainly to keep them out of mischief.
A theme that has not been explored in previous recreation
and sport research is that of the view held by
administrators and reporters of the intelligence and discipline of the
unemployed men. In two of the accounts cited above about the Montreal Day
Shelter, those characteristics were noted. The men were described as being of Alow intelligence,@ Aeasy to incite,@ in need of being Aconcentrated in one place
under watchful eyes,@ and Aincapable of putting forth the mental effort@ needed to study. This paints
a picture of men who were not only in need of assistance, but who were viewed
as being Adown and out@ - and perhaps incapable of
being retrieved from this state - a picture that was not only discussed in the
inner circles of administrators, but was also presented to the public in the
mass circulation magazine Maclean's. It would be interesting to
investigate how those perceptions of the men affected the efforts to raise
funds to support such services - and at what point does the public view of
these men become their view of themselves? Or is it the reverse, that the men=s view of themselves becomes
the public view? Could recreation and sport have any chance to be the antidote
to these economic and social difficulties?
William Bowie's trip west in 1932 was part fact-finding, part
proselytizing about recreation. In communications with various civic and
federal officials as the trip was being arranged, Charlotte Whitton, Executive
Director of the Canadian Council on Child and Family Welfare noted that Bowie's
presence in a community would Aimpress upon the general
public the need and value of looking after the social interests of the
unemployed@ and would stress Athe necessity of preventing
mental depression and character deterioration.@[21]
Not all of the officials who were contacted by Miss Whitton
shared the Council's perception that there was a unemployment problem. A
telegram from Miss Whitton to F. W. Gershaw, the local Member of Parliament for
The Canadian Council on Child and Family Welfare
became actively engaged in efforts to deal with unemployment early in the
decade of the Depression. The minutes of the Council's November 1931 Board
Meeting noted that:
the very conditions of depression and unemployment prevailing
at the present time indicate as rarely before, the urgent social necessity from
the angle of character conservation of better organization for constructive
activities to employ the idle time of our population, ! juvenile, adolescent or
adult.[26]
How did the Council and providers of recreation services
respond to this Aurgent social necessity@? Because of its mandate as a
national organization, the Council did not operate facilities or run programs,
rather, it operated as a clearing house for information. Through its journal Child
and Family Welfare, it disseminated information from the
The Council's response to the difficulties of the Depression
often relied on its connections in the
For many years I have been urging that
education must prepare for leisure as well as for labour and that it could
never prepare for either of them effectively unless it prepared also for the
other. This is what I have believed in, hoped for, aimed at, and dreamed of,
and here tonight my dream has come true in the work which this conference has
done, on which it has met in
Dr.
Jacks may well have been rejoicing as he spoke to a meeting of those converted
to the notion that leisure and recreation were important aspects of life, but
there was much work to be done and many other decision makers and politicians
to convince of that belief - and many years of inaction as the laudable
rhetoric was slowly converted to a few policies and to some action.
One of the oft-cited solutions to unemployment was the
opening of recreation centres using recreation facilities, schools and
churches. The previously noted statement from the National Recreation
Association's Bulletin Service reproduced in the Canadian journal Child and
Family Welfare, gives us more insights into the spirit in which the
unemployed were viewed, and another look at the sense of fear that the masses
of unemployed would rebel at their condition.
While there is a question as to the wisdom of encouraging
the unemployed to congregate while waiting for work, . . . it is obviously
desirable to have some provision made to occupy their involuntary leisure, and
not to leave them entirely to their own thoughts or to destructive discussion
among themselves. The cities which have established such centres are operating
in connection with the emergency employment registration centres, or as near
them as possible. The privileges of the centres are usually restricted to those
unemployed who are conscientiously trying to find employment and use the
unemployment registration card.[29]
This
is yet another example of the dual notions of fearing the potential mischief of
leisure and rewarding those who were occupied in seeking work that was shown in
other programs such as the Montreal Day Shelter.
The 1933 rhetoric used to justify the need to expend funds
to deal with the unemployed and underemployed will be familiar to present day
advocates of recreation services who must assure decision makers that leisure
is Awholesome,@ that it is important, and
that it is worthy of financial support.
The employment dislocation has now added millions, many of
whom will never again be profitably employed, to the young and middle-aged
population with idle time >on their hands=. Wholesome use of idle time
is rapidly becoming one of the greatest social challenges of our day, while
against effort to meet it raises the fear of costs: >it is no time to develop fads and frills when people must be
fed and clothed.= But against this must be set
the enervating costs of idleness and deterioration . . . .[30]
In
the 21st century we refer to this as Abenefits based recreation@ and continue to extol the benefits of recreation.[31]
Unfortunately, as was discovered by William Bowie in his survey of conditions
in
very little realization on the part of Recreation
Departments that it was their job ! as recreation experts - to provide a
leisure time programme for the unemployed, not a programme for homeless men
only but rather a programme contributing to the maintaining of morale for the
whole family.[32]
So we
are shown two of the dilemmas of the time - how to provide programs in the face
of budget reductions? and to whom should the programs be targeted? The
realization in the early years of the Depression that recreation and sport
could and should be provided instead of work, was replaced by programs
that treated recreation and sport as work in solving unemployment.
Recreation and
Sport As Work
The Early Programs
As part of the solution to the unemployment problem, the
federal government developed a program of relief work camps for the unemployed,
leading to the creation of recreation opportunities as a product of work. While
at first glance these camps may be considered comparable to the well publicized
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the
As noted, the Canadian and American programs to provide work
for unemployed men may appear similar in nature. However, in practice, the
Canadian Unemployment Relief Camps and the United States Civilian Conservation
Corps camps were political leagues apart. While some writers of the day lauded
the Canadian Relief Camps, others decried their lack of recreation
opportunities, and most present day researchers heap scathing words of
condemnation upon the conditions in the camps and the attitudes of those in
charge of the system. In contrast, the Civilian Conservation Corps camps
continue to be viewed somewhat fondly in articles such as the one sub-titled Athanks for the memories.@[36] The CCC members referred to
themselves as A
But what were the conditions in the Unemployment Relief
Camps in
a blizzard swept through the region, leaving bone-chilling
temperatures in its wake. Lacking proper clothing, the men were unable to last
more than an hour at the job before the cold forced them to retreat to their
tents; even here they found little comfort and spent seemingly endless hours
huddling together in home-made toques and with socks over their hands.[48]
The camps were described positively by Major-General
McNaughton, DND=s Chief of the General Staff,
as including Afacilities for sports,
recreation, education and spiritual welfare,@ which could augment the camps' goal to Aimprove the morale and mental
and physical condition of the single homeless unemployed.@[49] A contrasting view of life in
these camps was provided by Eric Muncaster, an employee of the Council on Child
and Family Welfare, in a letter to the YMCA with his evaluation of the
recreation and sport opportunities for camp residents.
There can be no question that at present
the educational and recreational needs of the men in the Unemployment Relief
Camps are not being met adequately, and plans for dealing with the whole matter
require most careful consideration.[50]
The
YMCA's response, while supportive, was not an optimistic one:
While we are greatly concerned with the position of the
young men in the unemployment camps, we feel that the problem is much too large
for voluntary organizations to handle adequately, and that a thorough-going
policy on the part of the Government is essential if these camps are even to
fulfil the temporary purposes for which they were established.[51]
The contrast between the view of the military and that of
the voluntary organizations can be explained by understanding the military's
view of funding recreation opportunities. Apparently, in its quest for a no
frills approach to dealing with Apublic charity,@ the military proclaimed
proudly that Anot one cent of public money
has been spent...on reading materials and recreational equipment.@[52] The funding for such services
came from a fund that received voluntary donations, and in the Depression when
the public had limited resources to donate, the camps certainly had no
services.[53]
The Council on Child and Family Welfare went to the aid of the men in the camps
by producing a press release for Canadian Press launching an appeal for recreation
and sport equipment.[54]
The records indicate that the response was not overwhelming. The best that the
Council could do was to discuss the matter with the military officials, to
provide the military with information from the National Recreation Association
about the Civilian Conservation Corps Camps and to make a set of
recommendations to the military about recreation in the camps.[55]
In the national parks camps, some recreation was provided as
part of National Parks Commissioner J. B. Harkin=s attempts at social control, fearing that Aidleness fostered communism@[56] Promoting a theme which we
have seen before, Harkin decreed that:
Roughly one third of their time, after allowing for the
eight-hour work day and about eight hours for sleeping would be on their hands
and probably few of them would know how to employ it. Such idleness would be
fertile ground for red propaganda if there should be a few men with
Bolshevistic inclinations among the men in the camps. In any case it does not
seem to me a desirable condition to have men sitting around during long winter
evenings and Sundays with no amusements or recreation.[57]
Harkin=s staff also put controls on
how the men could spend their 20 cents per day allowance. Waiser recounts one
of those controls on acquiring alcoholic beverages:
To prevent the men from spending their earnings on booze,
the park superintendent also provided the Jasper liquor vendor with the names
of those working on relief projects and asked him not to serve them in the
interests of their wives and families and the community.[58]
But what were the products of the work camps in both
The Later Programs
Another set of strategies which addressed the needs of the
unemployed and considered recreation as a product were the programs that grew
out of the federal government's 1937 Unemployment and Agricultural Assistance
Act and its successors in 1938 and 1939.[63]
Based in large part on input from Ian Eisenhardt, director of the British
Columbia Provincial Recreation program (BC Pro-Rec), to the National Employment
Commission (NEC), the federal government established the Dominion-Provincial
Youth Training Program. This program funded training of unemployed young
people, both men and women, in several occupational areas. It attempted to make
them fit for work. Inherent in the program were recreation and sport
opportunities on two fronts: firstly, the training programs for all fields were
to include physical recreation opportunities in the training camps; secondly,
the training of physical recreation leaders was a distinct occupational
training program. This latter part of the cost-shared program was entered into
by five provinces , beginning their first provincial recreation and sport
leadership training programs.
The process of developing these federal programs went
through two major steps. The first set of steps were within the Youth
Employment Committee (YEC) of the National Employment Commission. Ian
Eisenhardt was a key contributor to the Youth Employment Committee, drawing
upon his experience as director of the BC Pro-Rec program. Based on his meeting
with the YEC , a set of Ageneral principles@ were agreed to which included
volunteer local advisory committees, programming based on local needs, and
focussing on but not restricting programs only to Aunemployed youth.@[64] One of the Committee's
findings was that:
there has been a definite failure to prepare youth for
leisure time through lack both of facilities and training. Furthermore, the
Committee finds a lack of co-operation among agencies which are, presumably,
interested in the problem, and a failure to guard against the moral hazards
which interfere with wholesome recreation.[65]
The
report concluded that, even though immediate employment for all youth was not
possible,
Something, however, could be done to assist our young people
to keep fit, mentally, morally and physically, so that as and when opportunity
for employment is offered, they will be in a condition to avail themselves of
it rather than having sunk to a condition of permanent unemployability.[66]
Among the recommendations was one for a Training and
Physical Recreation Plan wherein the government would establish "Young
Men's Training Centres" in 26 cities across
Rather than create a National Youth Service, the National
Employment Commission recommended the creation of the Dominion-Provincial
program, not just for youth but also for adults. Its efforts were to create a
two-pronged national program:
(a) for the training of youth who have, as a result of depression
conditions, never been in gainful occupation, and
(b) for the restoration of skill, physique and morale,
particularly of the middle-aged group.[68]
The youth program provided opportunities for training in
forestry and conservation, mining, apprenticeships, agriculture, domestic and
household work, and most importantly to recreation and sport, Aphysical training and health
education of varying character, suited to maintain the morale and improve the
physical fitness of young people.@[69] Out of this program came not
only recreation leadership training programs for about 500 participants per
year, but also physical recreation training for the participants of the other
training programs such as forestry, mining, domestic work, etc.[70]
But what did this contribute to recreation as a product? The
key contribution was that physical recreation training programs were
established in the six provinces (
In the case of
The Dominion-Provincial Youth Training Program funding
ceased on March 31, 1943.77
As this program ceased, the federal government=s priorities changed from employment training programs to physical fitness promotion programs under
the 1943 ANational Physical Fitness Act.@78 More telling of the program
emphasis was that the new program was the responsibility of the Department of
National Health rather than the Department of Labour. Recreation and sport were
now health issues rather than employment issues.
In Summary
In the 1930's recreation and sport was
viewed as a remedy - an antidote - to unemployment. It was provided instead
of work. It was provided as work. The underlying motive was often
linked to social control - the control of mischief or of disruptive behaviour.
It was often linked to character development. Even though other motives were
part of the rhetoric, work was often the goal. In that goal we have the
beginning of the present day recreation profession as these recreation and
sport training programs were initially programs for the unemployed, and then
developed into community-based programs which had recreation and sport
opportunities for both men and women as a product. The leaders of those
programs became the recreation professionals of the late 1930's. As World War
Two broke out, unemployment was no longer an issue, fitness for war was an
issue. Thus employment issues were superseded by fitness and health issues.
[1]. S.
E. Markham, AAdvocates
for National Recreation Services in the 1930's: Well-being? Work? War?@ in Access
to Active Living, ed. F. I. Bell and G. H. Van Gyn (Victoria, BC:
University of Victoria, 1994), 87-92.
[2].
There are over 30 studies that address the issue of recreation and sport in
Canada in the 1930's, however, the following list is limited to those studies
in which primary source material was used:
J. L. Gear, AFactors
Influencing the Development of Government Sponsored Physical Fitness Programmes
in Canada from 1850 to 1972,@ Canadian
Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education 4 (December 1973): 1-25;
W. D. Hallett, AA
History of Federal Government Involvement in the Development of Sport in
R. S. Lappage, ASport
in
R. S. Lappage, ABritish
Columbia's Contribution to the Dominion-Provincial Youth Training Program
Through the Provincial-Recreation Program,@
Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education 9 (May
1978): 86-92;
E. M. McFarland, The Development
of Public Recreation in
L. W. Sawula, AWhy
1970, Why Not Before?@
Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education 4
(December 1973): 43-58;
L. W. Sawula, AThe
National Physical Fitness Act of Canada: 1943-1954" (Ph.D. thesis, The
University of Alberta, 1977);
B. Schrodt, AA
History of Pro-Rec: The British Columbia Provincial Recreation Programme - 1934
to 1953 (Ph.D. thesis, The University of Alberta, 1979);
B. Schrodt, AOrigins
of
B. Schrodt, AFederal
Programmes of Physical Recreation and Fitness: The Contributions of Ian
Eisenhardt and BC's Pro-Rec,@
Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education 15
(December 1984): 45-61; and
J. T.
West, APhysical
Fitness, Sport and the Federal Government: 1909-1954,@
Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education 4
(December 1973): 26-42.
[3].
Letter from C. Whitton to W. J. Fulton, 2 May 1932, MG28 I10, Vol 8 File 42,
National Archives
of
[4]. ARecreation
and Leisure Time Services in Canada, 1936,@ 32,
33, 38, 39 in MG28 I10, Vol. 164, File 10-5-2/2, Vol. I, National Archives of
[5]. A
[6]. A
[7]. A
[8]. A
[9]. Form
letter from the President,
[10]. Form
letter from the Secretary,
[11].
Letter from the Secretary, to Ministers, October 1933.
[12]. F.
D. Adams, The Day Shelter for Unemployed Men-Montreal: Report of Its
Operations for the Second Year-Winter of 1932-33 (Montreal: McGill
University, 1933), 2. [In RG27, Vol. 3133, File 149, National Archives of
[13].
[14]. AUnemployment
and Recreation,@ Child
and Family Welfare 7 (January 1932): 55-56; citing the National Recreation
Association=s Bulletin
Service.
[15]. AOn to
[16]. W.
F. Shepherd, AIdleness
Relief,@ Maclean's
Magazine, 15 April 1932, 14, 53-54.
[17].
Shepherd, 54.
[18]. L.
R. Betcherman, The Little Band: The Clashes Between the Communists and the
Political and Legal Establishment in Canada, 1928-1932 (Ottawa 1985), 93,
105; cited in B. Waiser Park Prisoners: The Untold Story of Western Canada=s
National Parks, 1915-1946 (Saskatoon: Fifth House Ltd., 1995), 87.
[19].
[20].
[21].
Letter from C. Whitton to W. J. Fulton, 2 May 1932, MG28 I10, Vol. 8, File
42-1932, National Archives of
[22].
Telegram from C. Whitton to F. W. Gershaw, 10 June 1932, MG28 I10, Vol. 8, File
42-1932, National Archives of
[23].
Telegram from F. W. Gershaw to C. Whitton, 11 June 1932, MG28 I10, Vol. 8, File
42-1932, National Archives of
[24]. ADivision
of Recreation, Education and Leisure Time Activities,@ Child
and Family Welfare 9 (May 1933): 23.
[25]. The
population of
[26]. ABoard
Meeting-November 6, 1931,@ Child
and Family Welfare 7 (November 1931): 20.
[27]. L.
P. Jacks, AToday's
Unemployment and Tomorrow's Leisure,@ Recreation 25 (December
1931): 478-482, 532;
J. Walter, APublic
Recreation in Periods of Economic Depression,@ Recreation
25 (December 1931): 496-498; and
AThe
Eighteenth Annual Recreation Congress and Unemployment,@ Recreation
25 (December 1931): 475-477, 530-532.
[28].
Jacks, 478-479.
[29]. AUnemployment
and Recreation,@
55-56.
[30]. ADivision
of Recreation, Education and Leisure Time Activities,@ 22.
[31].
Canadian Parks/Recreation Association, The Benefits Catalogue (Ottawa:
Canadian Parks/ Recreation Association, 1997). The subtitle of the Benefits
Catalogue is Asummarizing
why recreation, sports, fitness, arts, culture and parks are essential to
personal, social, economic, and environmental well-being.@
[32]. ADivision
of Recreation, Education and Leisure Time Activities,@ 25.
[33]. P.
Burton, The Great Depression (Toronto: Penguin Books, 1991), 179.
[34].
Waiser, 52
[35]. L.
Bella, Parks for Profit (Montreal, Harvest House Ltd., 1987), 174-175;
and
McFarland,
48.
[36]. D.
D.
[37]. A
[38]. A
[39]. AThe
[40].
[41].
Ibid.
[42]. ACivilian
Conservation Corps@ at http://www.cccalumni.org and author=s
personal collection.
[43].
[44]. A.
G. L. McNaughton, AThe
Unemployment Service Projects Administered by the Department of National
Defence,@ Child
and Family Welfare 9 (March 1934): 56.
[45].
[46].
Bella, 88.
[47].
Bella, 88.
[48].
[49].
McNaughton, 57.
[50].
Letter from E. Muncaster to G. W. Birks, 15 February 1934, MG28 I10, Vol. 9,
File 42-1934 Vol. I, Pt. 2, National Archives of
[51].
Letter from E. M. Best to E. Muncaster, 28 February 1934, MG28 I10, Vol. 9,
File 42-1934, Vol. I, Pt. 2, National Archives of
[52].
[53].
Letter from E. Muncaster to A. Jones, 28 February 1934, MG28 I10, Vol. 9, File
42-1934 Vol. I Pt. 2, National Archives of
[54].
Press Release, 6 February 1934, MG28 I10, Vol. 9, File 42-1934 Vol. II Pt. 2,
National Archives of
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