The creation and management of national parks in Canada were described and critiqued by E

Useful Background Documents

The creation and management of national parks in Canada were described and critiqued by

E. C. Frost, "Canadian National Park Resources" (University of Alberta, 1945);

R. C. Brown, "The Doctrine of Usefulness: Natural Resource and National Park Policy in Canada, 1887-1914," in Canadian Parks in Perspective, ed. J. G. Nelson and R. C. Scace (Montreal: Harvest House, 1970), 46-62;

J. I. Nicol, "The National Parks Movement in Canada," in Canadian Parks in Perspective, ed. J. G. Nelson and R. C. Scace (Montreal: Harvest House, 1970), 19-34 ;

R. D. Turner, "A Comparison of National Parks Policy in Canada and the United States" (University of British Columbia, 1971);

W. F. Lothian, "A History of Canada's National Parks: Volume I," (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1976);

W. F. Lothian, "A Brief History of Canada's National Parks," (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1987);

L. Bella, Parks for Profit (Montreal: Harvest House, 1987);

K. McNamee, "From Wild Places to Endangered Species: A History of Canada's National Parks," in Parks and Protected Areas in Canada: Planning and Management, ed. P. Dearden and R. Rollins (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 1993), 17-44;

W. A. Waiser, Park Prisoners: The Untold Story of Western Canada's National Parks, 1915-1946 (Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers, 1995);

A. A. MacEachern, Natural Selections: National Parks in Atlantic Canada, 1935-1970 (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001);

A. A. MacEachern, "In Search of Eastern Beauty: Creating National Parks in Atlantic Canada, 1935-1970" (Queen's University, 1997).

The United States national parks experience was described by

A. Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, Third ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997).

The U.S. pressure group, the National Parks Association, was chronicled by

J. C. Miles, Guardians of the Parks: A History of the National Parks and Conservation Association (Washington: Taylor & Francis in cooperation with the National Parks and Conservation Association, 1995).

The particular issues of the Canadian mountain parks were identified by

A. R. Byrne, Man and Landscape Change in Banff National Park, ed. R. C. Scace, Studies in Land Use History and Landscape Change (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1968);

R. C. Scace, Banff: A Cultural-Historical Study of Land Use and Management in a National Park Community to 1945, ed. J. G. Nelson, Studies in Land Use History and Landscape Change (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1968);

S. M. Van Kirk, "The Development of National Park Policy in Canada's Mountain National Parks, 1885 to 1930" (University of Calgary, 1969);

E. G. Luxton, Banff: Canada's First National Park: A History and a Memory of Rocky Mountains Park (Banff: Summerthought Ltd., 1975);

E. J. Hart, The Selling of Canada: The CPR and the Beginnings of Canadian Tourism (Banff: Altitude Publishing Ltd, 1983).

The most visible and vocal users of the mountain parks in the early 20^th century were members of the Alpine Club of Canada. Their story has been told by

G. L. LaForce, "The Alpine Club of Canada, 1906 to 1929: Modernization, Canadian Nationalism, and Anglo-Saxon Mountaineering," Canadian Alpine Journal 62 (1979): 39-47;

M. E. Johnston, "A Club with Vision: The Alpine Club of Canada," Park News 21, no. 3 (1985): 6-10;

M. Johnston and J. Marsh, "The Alpine Club of Canada, Conservation and Parks, 1906 To1930," Canadian Alpine Journal 69 (1986): 16-19;

P. Reichwein, "Guardians of the Rockies," The Beaver 74, no. 4 (1994): 4-13;

P. Reichwein, "'Hands Off Our National Parks': The Alpine Club of Canada and Hydro-Development Controversies in the Canadian Rockies, 1922-1930," Journal of the Canadian Hostelling Association 6 (1995): 129-155;

P. Reichwein, "Beyond the Visionary Mountains: The Alpine Club of Canada and the Canadian National Park Idea, 1906 to 1969" (Carleton University, 1995);

P. Reichwein, "At the Foot of the Mountain: Preliminary Thoughts on the Alpine Club of Canada, 1906-1950," in Changing Parks: The History, Future and Cultural Context of Parks and Heritage Landscapes, ed. J. S. Marsh and B. W. Hodgins (Toronto: Natural Heritage/Natural History Inc., 1998), 160-176.

The biographer of A.O. Wheeler was

E. Fraser, Wheeler (Banff: Summerthought, Ltd, 1978).

There is only one readily accessible previous publication that focuses solely on the Canadian National Parks Association

L. Bella and S. Markham, "Parks First: Patriotic Canadians from Coast to Coast in Support of National Parks and Tributary Highways," Recreation Canada 42, no. 5 (1984): 15-16.

Preliminary analysis of the Association was the subject of papers given at three conferences and reported in their abstracts and proceedings

S. E. Markham, "The Canadian National Parks Association: Grass Roots Advocates for National Change," in Access to Active Living: Congress Program and Abstracts of the 10th Commonwealth and International Scientific Congress, ed. F. I. Bell and G. H. V. Gyn (Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, 1994), 124; link to abstract

S. E. Markham, "The Canadian National Parks Association," in Celebrating the Parks: Proceedings of the First Australian Symposium on Parks History, ed. E. Hamilton-Smith (Melbourne: Rethink Consulting P/L, 1998), 5-20; link to proceedings

S. E. Markham-Starr, "Selby Walker and the Canadian National Parks Association: Protectors of the Banff Environment," in North American Society for Sport History Proceedings, ed. C. Parratt (Iowa City: University of Iowa, 2000), 101-102. link to abstract link to manuscript

There are only eleven other publications with information about the CNPA

E. C. Frost, "Canadian National Park Resources" (University of Alberta, 1945);

E. Fraser, Wheeler (Banff: Summerthought, Ltd, 1978);

M. Johnston and J. Marsh, "The Alpine Club of Canada, Conservation and Parks, 1906 To1930," Canadian Alpine Journal 69 (1986): 16-19

L. Bella, Parks for Profit (Montreal: Harvest House, 1987);

G. Henderson, "Looking Back: The Founding of the National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada and the People and Events Involved," Park News 23, no. 5 (1988): 4-6;

G. Henderson, "James Bernard Harkin: The Father of Canadian National Parks," Borealis 5, no. Fall (1994): 28-33;

P. Reichwein, "Guardians of the Rockies," The Beaver 74, no. 4 (1994): 4-13;

P. Reichwein, "Beyond the Visionary Mountains: The Alpine Club of Canada and the Canadian National Park Idea, 1906 to 1969" (Carleton University, 1995);